Prostate Cancer: How it is detected, symptoms and prevention

Cancer is a disease caused by an uncontrolled overproduction of mutated cells in our body. When cancer originates in the prostate, it is known as prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer is a common disease that affects men all over the world. Although it is not completely preventable, there are steps that can be taken to reduce the risk of developing prostate cancer. In this article, we will explore the causes, symptoms, the importance of early detection and provide practical tips for prostate cancer prevention.

How to detect prostate cancer?

Early detection of prostate cancer relies on specific tests to identify the risk of the disease in its early stages, even before symptoms appear. The main methods include digital rectal examination, in which the doctor assesses the size, shape and texture of the prostate gland, and prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing, which measures the levels of a protein produced by the prostate in the blood. Elevated PSA levels may indicate the need for closer monitoring, although they do not always signal the presence of cancer.

In case the physical examination or PSA suggests abnormalities, a prostate biopsy may be recommended. This procedure, performed under ultrasound guidance, allows samples of prostate tissue to be obtained for microscopic analysis, which is essential to confirm or rule out the diagnosis of cancer and assess its degree of aggressiveness. The decision to perform a biopsy depends on several factors, such as PSA level, digital rectal examination findings, family history and the patient's general health.

If you have any symptoms, concerns or a history of risk factors, don't hesitate to get an test to find out your PSA levels. It is important to consult a health professional for a full assessment to determine the best way forward in terms of testing and, if necessary, further interventions.

Causes of prostate cancer

The exact cause of prostate cancer is not yet fully understood, but there are risk factors that can increase the likelihood of developing the disease, including;

• Age: The risk of prostate cancer increases significantly with age. It is more common in men over the age of 50 and the incidence continues to increase with age.
• Family history: Having first-degree relatives, such as a father or brother, with prostate cancer can increase the risk of developing the disease. There is a genetic predisposition that may play a role.
• Hormonal factorsTestosterone: Elevated levels of the male hormone, testosterone, and a by-product called dihydrotestosterone, have been associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer. In addition, prolonged exposure to high levels of oestrogen may also influence the development of prostate cancer.
• Ethnic origin: Men of African descent have a higher risk of developing prostate cancer compared to other ethnic groups. On the other hand, men of Asian descent have a lower risk.
• Unhealthy diet: Eating a diet high in saturated fat, red meat and high-fat dairy products, and low in fruits, vegetables and fibre, has been associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer.
• Sedentary lifestyleLack of physical activity and a sedentary lifestyle have also been linked to an increased risk of prostate cancer.

Symptoms of prostate cancer

Symptoms of Prostate Cancer: In the early stages, prostate cancer may have no obvious symptoms. However, as it progresses, the following prostate-related symptoms may be experienced:

• Urinary problems: Difficulty in starting or stopping the flow of urine, weak urine flow, frequent urination, especially at night (nocturia) and a feeling of not being able to empty the bladder completely.
• Blood in urine or semen: Presence of blood in the urine (haematuria) or semen (haematospermia).
• Pain or discomfort: Pain in the pelvic area, lower back, hips or upper thighs. There may also be discomfort when sitting.
• Erectile dysfunction: Difficulty in achieving or maintaining an erection.

It is important to note that these symptoms may also be associated with other prostate conditions, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostatitis. The presence of these symptoms does not necessarily confirm the presence of prostate cancer, but it is advisable to consult a doctor for a proper evaluation.

Prostate cancer prevention

While prostate cancer cannot be prevented in its entirety, certain lifestyle changes can be made to reduce the risk:

1. Healthy eating: A balanced diet is essential. Include colourful fruits and vegetables, whole grains, fish, nuts and healthy oils. Limit consumption of red meat, processed foods and saturated fats.
2. Maintain a healthy weight: Maintaining an appropriate weight through a combination of a balanced diet and regular physical activity can help reduce the risk of breast cancer.
3. Engage in regular physical activity: Regular physical activity, such as walking, running, swimming or playing sports, can help maintain a healthy weight and reduce the risk of prostate cancer. At least 150 minutes of moderate physical activity or 75 minutes of vigorous activity per week is recommended.
4. Avoiding excessive alcohol consumption: The Excessive alcohol consumption has been associated with an increased risk of developing prostate cancer. It is recommended that alcohol be consumed in moderation or avoided altogether.
5. No smoking: Smoking not only increases the risk of lung cancer, but has also been associated with an increased risk of developing prostate cancer. Quitting smoking can significantly reduce the risk of cancer and improve overall health.
6. Regular medical check-ups: It is essential to have regular medical check-ups, including prostate examinations, such as rectal examination and prostate-specific antigen test (PSA). These tests can help detect prostate cancer in its early stages, when it is most treatable.

In conclusion, we can say that prostate cancer prevention involves adopting a healthy lifestyle and having regular medical check-ups such as blood tests. At Ailin you can have these tests done, without needles and from the comfort that your home offers. Remember that early detection is key, so it's important to talk to a doctor about appropriate screening tests for your age and risk factors - take care of your health and take action today to prevent prostate cancer!

Bibliographical references 

Sekhoacha M, Riet K, Motloung P, Gumenku L, Adegoke A, Mashele S. Prostate Cancer Review: Genetics, Diagnosis, Treatment Options, and Alternative Approaches. Molecules. 2022 Sep 5;27(17):5730. doi: 10.3390/molecules27175730. PMID: 36080493; PMCID: PMC9457814.

Wasim S, Lee SY, Kim J. Complexities of Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Nov 17;23(22):14257. doi: 10.3390/ijms23222214257. PMID: 36430730; PMCID: PMC9696501.

Boehm BE, York ME, Petrovics G, Kohaar I, Chesnut GT. Biomarkers of Aggressive Prostate Cancer at Diagnosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Jan 22;24(3):2185. doi: 10.3390/ijms24032185. PMID: 36768533; PMCID: PMC9916581.